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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00157_Field_frep31.txt
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1996-12-30
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All this may help us to
understand why the columns
are not far more coarse. Enough
has to be packed into a 2
millimeter by 2 millimeter
block to include all the values
of the variables it deals with,
orientation and eye preference
being the ones we have talked
about so far. What the cortex
does is map not just two but
many variables on its two-
dimensional surface. It does
this by selecting as the basic
parameters the two variables
that specify the visual field
coordinates (distance out and
up or down from the fovea), and
on this map it engrafts other
variables, such as orientation
and eye preference, by finer
subdivisions.
We call the 2 millimeter by 2
millimeter piece of cortex a
module. To me, the word seems
not totally suitable, partly
because it is too concrete: it
calls up an image of a
rectangular tin box containing
electronic parts that can be
plugged into a rack beside a
hundred other such boxes. To
some extent that is indeed what
we want the word to convey, but
in a rather loose sense. First,
our units clearly can start and
end anywhere we like, in the
orientation domain. They can
go from vertical to vertical or
-85 to +95 degrees, as long as we
include all orientations at least
once. The same applies to eye
preference: we can start at a
left-eye, right-eye border or at
the middle of a column, as long
as we include two columns, one
for each eye. Second, as
mentioned earlier, the size of
the module we are talking about
will depend on the layer we are
considering. Nevertheless, the
term does convey the
impression of some 500 to 1000
small machines, any of which
can be substituted for any
other, provided we are ready to
wire up 10,000 or so incoming
wires and perhaps 50,000
outgoing ones!
Let me quickly add that no
one would suppose that the
cortex is completely uniform
from fovea to far periphery.
Vision varies with visual-field
position in several ways other
than acuity. Our color abilities
fall off with distance, although
perhaps not very steeply if we
compensate for magnification
by making the object we are
viewing bigger with increasing
distance from the fovea.
Movement is probably better
detected in the periphery, as
are very dim lights. Functions
related to binocular vision must
obviously fall off because
beyond 20 degrees and up to 80
degrees, ipsilateral-eye
columns get progressively
narrower and contralateral
ones get broader; beyond 80
degrees the ipsilateral ones
disappear entirely and the
cortex becomes monocular.
There must be differences in
circuits to reflect these and
doubtless other differences in
our capabilities. So modules are
probably not all exactly alike.